/wp-admin/admin.php?page=jetpack#/security'publicize',
'sharedaddy',
'subscriptions',
'json-api',
'enhanced-distribution',
'google-analytics',
'photon', // just for images, static files work
'sitemaps',
'verification-tools',
'wordads'
This is caused by a filter running in the Private Sites module:
https://github.com/Automattic/jetpack/blob/master/modules/private/class-jetpack-private.php#L257
A clear explanation of why these features are disabled.
The message just says "features disabled by a site administrator". Probably it should:
(a) warn that these features will become unavailable before (or when) I enable Private Sites
(b) update the message for these features to say "X is unavailable for private sites. To enable this feature, first disable Private Sites"
Screenshots

Also, for what it's worth, a private sites feature seems ideal for developing a site in private before releasing it, but this means all features need to be working for the person developing the site. Disabling social sharing buttons, for example, means they can't test or even see how these buttons look before making their site public, which hurts that whole use case.
The rationale for disabling these features is we don't want to leak any information, but of course we don't (and can't) disable the information-leaking features of third parties, so to be honest this seems of dubious value. We can't act like Jetpack is the only plugin on the site.
Related: #12491
For more context p9dueE-HV-p2
Note also p58i-7NH-p2
Closing for now since the feature was removed from Jetpack in #12519
Most helpful comment
Also, for what it's worth, a private sites feature seems ideal for developing a site in private before releasing it, but this means all features need to be working for the person developing the site. Disabling social sharing buttons, for example, means they can't test or even see how these buttons look before making their site public, which hurts that whole use case.
The rationale for disabling these features is we don't want to leak any information, but of course we don't (and can't) disable the information-leaking features of third parties, so to be honest this seems of dubious value. We can't act like Jetpack is the only plugin on the site.