Is there a way to change the 12-hour clock to a 24-hour clock as seen on the picture?

In your x channel you could use one of the D3 time formatting strings listed here.
For example
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x=alt.X('Date:T', axis=alt.Axis(format='%H'))
By setting a fixed formatting string you lose the ability to have the tick labels be smart and include dates among the times (as shown in the picture above).
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In your x channel you could use one of the D3 time formatting strings listed here.
For example