The colon in the lockscreen clock is square, but in Ubuntu font it is round.
After installing the fonts-cantarell colon is becoming round.
I cannot reproduce the issue, however I honestly don't understand how this could be a theme issue
Without Cantarell fonts in system:

With Cantarell fonts:

Very nice catch.
I wonder if this clock is using Ubuntu font at all.
I can't tell from the numbers look alone
But as Carlo said, very doubtful that this can be fixed with css
Did you check if this also happens in cosmic?
No, I can't.
The problem is that Gnome shell is not using Ubuntu font in the first place.
below is how we define font preferences for Gnome shell
The font used seems indeed to be the last one Sans-Serif and not Ubuntu, when Cantarell is installed is used, because it is preferred to Sans-Serif. I proved this replacing, in the line above, Ubuntu with another font I have installed and this way that font is used instead of Cantarell
Edit: Ubuntu font is not used in lockscreen's clock at least. I am not 100% sure it is not used in the rest of the shell

This is Ubuntu font for reference
Also, colon in Ubuntu font is circular, not squared

To me, it seems that the shell is using Ubuntu font in the panel, but not in lockscreen's clock, where it falls back to a different font, unless cantarell is installed
what happens if we remove cantarell from the assigment
what happens if we remove cantarell from the assigment
the clock keeps the squared colon
Digits font is exactly Ubuntu. I recognize it everywhere.
Hang on, hang on, hang on. I think I remember something relevant from the #gnome-design irc room; iirc, the clock uses the ratio symbol, and not the colon (since the ratio symbol is designed to be perfectly centered and the colon is not). Can anyone confirm that this is what's happening here, and if so, the ratio symbol in Ubuntu may be squared?
EDIT: Or, more likely, Ubuntu font doesn't have the ratio symbol needed, causing the fallback.
I tried to double check what @taciturasa said and it actually seems that Ubuntu font does not have "ratio" symbol (moreover, colon doesn't seem to be squared in Ubuntu, see below).
I think this is a font issue (missing symbol), so we can close it

We can create a bug report in Ubuntu font repository in Launchpad.
It's true that gnome-shell uses RATIO instead of COLON in default date time formatting.
Rather than propose new symbol or different style in a particular font, I'd suggest try to override the default date time format to replace RATIO with COLON.
There are a number of extensions are able to do this. For me I use Clock Override, and to achieve a style Wed Jan 2 16:19:02 simply typed %a %b %e %H:%M:%S(use colon this time of course).
@taciturasa @eaglersdeveloper @clobrano Thank you guys, the discussion above, especially the RATIO part directly helped with mine theme font problem.
I'd suggest try to override the default date time format to replace RATIO with COLON
This is out of the scope of this project and gnome has a reason to use ratio instead