I launched the site and tried other things such as adding an ID or a value to it - nothing works.
To be able to fix my initial mistake on step 4.
I was stuck with a date such as 5s Feb 2020
Chrome 79, macOS Catalina
Test site: https://fmr202020aaaaaccc.wordpress.com/contact/
I cannot replicate this on a self-hosted site.
cc @Automattic/explorers for triage.
I am unable to replicate this. Do you see the same thing on other sites?
I'm not able to replicate this either. I notice that the date format is different on the linked test site, to the default on my sites, so I wonder if this is related to locale's or some other user-level setting - especially as it's affecting things sitewide.
Managed to figure out what causes it, but not sure about how to fix it.
Basically the test site uses a custom date format: jS F Y

According to the WP docs (which is based upon the PHP date formats), the S token is the English numeric suffix (e.g. th in the screen above).
The Contact Form block uses the jQueryUI Datepicker, which uses different date tokens. S is not among them, and so it's rendered as a literal S character.
I've tried removing the S from the date format j F Y, and indeed it stops being displayed in the date picker.
But... none of those tokens are listed in the date picker tokens, not just S!
j should be d, F should be MM, and Y should be yy.
Instead, I end up with "10 Mar 2020", which is j M Y in PHP (M, not F!), and d M yy in jQuery.
And now I'm trying to find out where (if?) we convert between PHP and jQuery formats. 馃槗
On a deeper look, the jQuery UI Datepicker is a Core WP dependency, and is localized in Core WP:
Unfortunately, the conversion does not replace all PHP tokens into jQuery ones. As you can guess, S is not among those.
I'm pretty sure this is a Core issue, and I think it should be reported to Core. 馃
Also, curiously, F is converted to M instead of MM (I might be overlooking something here though 馃).
Excuse the random suggestion, but @akirk is somewhat of a date/time guru and probably can chime in here with an expert opinion.
I think there is nothing to add here. @Copons did a perfect analysis.
Also, curiously, F is converted to M instead of MM (I might be overlooking something here though 馃).
The code you linked above converts it to MM (5th line in the first array is F, 5th line in the second one is MM).
S is simply not supported in the jQuery UI Datepicker, so the best way to go ahead is to remove it and patch core to do so, along with all the other chars that are not supported either, since jQuery UI will print them verbatim as we saw above.
Thanks @akirk!
The code you linked above converts it to MM (5th line in the first array is F, 5th line in the second one is MM).
Yup, the code is clear, but in my test, PHP F (month name long, "March") is converted into jQuery M (month name short, "Mar") instead of MM (month name long). 馃槄
Anyway, I've never opened a patch on Core, so it will take me some time to figure it out. 馃檪