In 7.9.16, if I'm not mistaken, you already have the "Full SMTP log" available in the error message dialog box, when you send the test email. Can you post that log please?
Also, uncomment this line:
https://github.com/salesagility/SuiteCRM/blob/7.9.x/include/SugarPHPMailer.php#L425
and change that debug to fatal, then send a test email. Check the suitecrm.log to see if the data being used when contacting the server is what you're expecting or not.
I am talking about the extended log when you sent the test email, see my beautiful artistic hand-drawing below :-)

Anyway, from what I see in your log, you are trying to use a different From address which doesn't match your Gmail user name. Gmail doesn't like that, I think that's why your not getting it to send.
It's after that screen - you fill in an address to send, send it, and when it gives a server error, it shows the button to see the Full SMTP log...
I can't understand how 7.9.16 shows that message. It should let you click to see a full SMTP log. You don't have any custom code for SugarPHPMailer.php, I suppose?
Since you seem to appreciate my art, please have a look at the screenshots paintings here #5376 and tell me which screen you used to start the test? Does it make a difference if you use the other one? Thanks
I don't think you interpreted my art correctly, which is ok, since real art is open to several interpretations. :-)
My screens are both on the User profile, yours is in Admin / Outbound Email.
But I also get a Full SMTP Log button there, so it seems our systems are different for some reason. I'm scratching my head over this one.
Do you want to try setting up the Email from the user profile to see if it makes a difference?
Ok, now we're getting somewhere!
When you're finished solving the SMTP error, you might want to check your files against this PR which introduced the Full SMTP Log Feature:
https://github.com/salesagility/SuiteCRM/pull/5077/files
and make sure you don't have customized versions of these files in custom directory.
Those files look fine, if any one could be wrong it would likely be this one:
modules/OutboundEmailAccounts/OutboundEmailAccounts.php
But it could be a bug, this is new code. Maybe there's something special about your case.
However, this issue with the files is only relevant to understand why the Full log isn't showing. But I guess that is not so important now, the big question is whether you were able to sort out your SMTP configurations and send email?
I see two possibilities:
https://github.com/salesagility/SuiteCRM/blob/7.9.x/include/SugarPHPMailer.php#L420-L424
You can add more values for the port, the authentication, etc. You can check a working Gmail example here.
You can also simply print out more values into the logs to see if SuiteCRM is passing everything correctly.