This was originally raised by @melchoyce in a DM. Squarespace has a spacer-type elmement that can be floated to the left or right. It may be interesting to try something like this out for Gutenberg too.
This feature can be helpful if a user wants to offset blocks and create non-standard layouts. These left/right spacers could theoretically be ignored on smalls screens, so the content would still be is full width there.
This is a super-rough hack, but to get the general idea across:

_(Ideally the right/left resize handles would only show up when the image is floated to the left or right though.)_
This looks awesome! For accessibility the right / left handles would need an extra input field in the panel to add values. Something like this:

I'm torn actually, adding that UI and functionality is not difficult - but as a user, having to do each of those steps to add space left or right of another block seems a bit heavy.
Some thoughts/suggestions on this implementation that could lighten up the UX:
At its core, this issue is meant to easily create columns of content from existing content. As an alternate approach to this, I opened a "Transform to Columns" issue here: https://github.com/WordPress/gutenberg/issues/16504
It's not exactly the same, but does accomplish a similar goal: put stuff into columns.
After a discussion with the design team, we decided that the improvement of the Columns block with a drag capability, is the way to go here.
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I'm torn actually, adding that UI and functionality is not difficult - but as a user, having to do each of those steps to add space left or right of another block seems a bit heavy.
Some thoughts/suggestions on this implementation that could lighten up the UX: