Is it possible to make the font compatible with Chinese characters?

IMHO, there's no monospaced font that is compatible with CJK characters.
IMHO, there's no monospaced font that is compatible with CJK characters.
Ubuntu Mono is compatible with CJK characters.

IMHO, there's no monospaced font that is compatible with CJK characters.
Iosevka and Noto Sans Mono ExtraCondensed are also compatible with CJK characters.
@happystraw For some reasons, I can't reproduce your outcome on IntelliJ IDE with Ubuntu Mono :

Maybe, I'm wrong.
I am used to inconsolata, you may have a try too.
Ubuntu Mono is not CJK font, so you are using chosen fallback font as Microsoft YaHei. However, YaHei is not mono space font, no mono space latin font can align to it.

EDIT:
In case 2, they are both monospace fonts but not aligning. In these case, we usually make a composite font with adjustment on changing width of either side to make it align. For example, Ricty is a composite font from two mono space fonts: Migu 1M(JP) + Inconsolata(Latin). They have different magnification on composition in order to make them aligned.
Since Cascadia is not CJK font, it means if you want it to align to some CJK mono space font, you must to adjust the magnification.
@JerryChin I use Linux(Manjaro), maybe it's different from Windows.
@kazuf3 You are right. And Ubuntu Mono is compatible with CJK characters when used with a chosen fallback font (such as Source Han Sans CN).
TEST:
vscode + "editor.fontSize": 20)

https://github.com/be5invis/Sarasa-Gothic is a mono space font with great CJK compatibility.

Compatibility between monospace CJK and non-CJK fonts is purely incidental鈥攖he width of the Latin characters needs to be half the width of the CJK characters at the same UPM size. Otherwise they won't line up.
If you want perfect compatibility between CJK and non-CJK script, I recommend using a CJK font with included full-width or half-width forms.
Most helpful comment
Ubuntu Monois compatible with CJK characters.