From #81:
Conhost doesn't support setting color table entries above 130.
Here's xterm printing in 130 by default:

I couldn't get the syntax just right, but for example, you definitely can change the colors of the extended table:

Note how color 130 is now a black square, instead of the color it usually is
I checked this morning and this fix should be in Insiders builds 18312 and higher (build on or after 2019-01-04).
This one's a little funny, actually. Most of the fix is in 18312, but it'll only work for colors 0-99. Colors 100-255 will probably be in whatever insider build comes next.
Yes, sorry, this one had two changelists on it. It's also inbound.
This is now fully supported as of insider's build 18334.
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This is now fully supported as of insider's build 18334.