autogenerated content
Windows 10 64-bit, x64 based processor
.\telegraf.exe --version shows
Telegraf 1.8.2 (git: HEAD 996a91f2)
.\telegraf.exe config > telegraf.conf.\telegraf.exe --config telegraf.confNo parsing error
2018/10/18 15:32:31 E! Error parsing telegraf.conf, toml: line 1: parse error
Using PowerShell CLI
Opening file in Notepad++ and setting UTF-8 coding resolves the problem, as mentioned in issue #1378.
I tried this with MinGW64 (from Git Bash) and in this case the file is set to UTF-8 coding.
Sounds like a PowerShell issue.
Fun facts:
Size of the different files

text-compare.com shows a change in line 1, some changes regarding 碌 sign (and spaces in the lines before the inputs.jolokia.metrics) and an additional line at the end.
This might occur on other platforms as well if the terminal is set to a different locale, the proper behavior is to output in the encoding of stdout. I'm not sure if Go is handling this conversion or if Powershell did.
Separately it would be a nice touch to expand the file encodings we can read, not just with respect to the config file, but also reading text data formats.
Now I feel less silly reporting my issue. I assumed it is just PS bollocks and that I should have used something else in the first place.
I implemented a workaround by catching the output in a variable and then out-file it with utf8 encoding.
$exe = "C:\Program Files\telegraf\telegraf.exe"
$telegrafConf = &$exe config
$telegrafConf | Out-File -FilePath "C:\Program Files\telegraf\telegraf.conf" -Encoding utf8
Most helpful comment
I implemented a workaround by catching the output in a variable and then out-file it with utf8 encoding.