Using ConvertTo-SecureString inside background jobs works on Windows, but fails on Linux. Tested both inside VS Codespaces and Azure Cloud Shell (repro below is frow the latter).
Start-Job -Name test -ScriptBlock {ConvertTo-SecureString -AsPlainText -Force -String 'test'}
System.Security.SecureString
Id Name PSJobTypeName State HasMoreData Location Command
-- ---- ------------- ----- ----------- -------- -------
1 test BackgroundJob Failed False localhost ConvertTo-SecureString -…
Name Value
---- -----
PSVersion 7.0.3
PSEdition Core
GitCommitId 7.0.3
OS Linux 4.15.0-1096-azure #106~16.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Thu Sep 10 18:51:54 UTC 2020
Platform Unix
PSCompatibleVersions {1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0…}
PSRemotingProtocolVersion 2.3
SerializationVersion 1.1.0.1
WSManStackVersion 3.0
What error is shown if you retrieve the results from the job?
On Ubuntu 18 I see it failing on PS 7.0.3, but passing on PS 7.1.0-rc.1
@PaulHigin might have more info on this.

SecureString was not implemented on Linux platforms initially because of Windows only dependencies. It was fixed in the 7.0 timeframe but only merged to 7.1 not 7.0.
I see, thanks @PaulHigin
@vexx32 No error or output at all