Pandoc 1.19.2.1 from Ubuntu 17.10
# Something about the speaker
- First fact
- Second fact

- Something about the organisation
This way, there is a caption as described in the manual. But that is not wanted. So, add a non-breaking space, gets rid of the caption but doesn鈥檛 center the image anymore.
# Something about the speaker
- First fact
- Second fact
\
- Something about the organisation
Wanting a centered image without caption should be common on slides.
You could always add a class with image attributes and add
some CSS to make sure that images with that class are
centered.
Do CSS attributes also work with LaTeX Beamer?
Pandoc doesn't aim to be a layout engine, see http://pandoc.org/CONTRIBUTING.html#out-of-scope
However, you can change your LaTeX template or even write raw TeX (for both, see the MANUAL).
I know that I can write raw TeX, but than I鈥檇 loose the possibility to convert it to reveal.js for example.
As there is already a way to pass attributes like width and height in curly braces, it be great to also be able to display the position. That doesn鈥檛 go against Pandoc鈥檚 goal. So please re-open.
Another option is to use a filter. Add a center class:
{.center}\
For HTML/reveal.js, you just need to add some appropriate CSS.
For LaTeX/Beamer, you can use a filter that finds images with the center class and adds a bit of raw TeX to do the centering.
Another option is to use as the caption:

Most helpful comment
Another option is to use
as the caption: