I accidentally created a note with emoji in the title by pasting a whatsapp conversation. I used the android client.
The file is created:

Both the web and the android client can't show or delete the notes

In the Files app the note is also shown with the ??????? in filename instead of the emoji
Please complete the following information.
Hmm, just tried to reproduce it with the Android app v3.4.3 by tapping on the ➕ button, inserting an 🙂 emoji with the keyboard, and waiting for the auto-save.
After returning to the list view, the note was synchronized to the cloud (no 🔁 icon at the note).
I was able to delete it via swipe to delete and check whether it was still present at the web UI - it wasn't.
Nextcloud, the Notes app and the Android Notes App should work with Unicode characters in the filename. However, MySQL may require a special configuration in order to store 4 byte characters that are required for emoticons. Please check this manual for the correct configuration: https://docs.nextcloud.com/server/latest/admin_manual/configuration_database/mysql_4byte_support.html
Does this fix the issue for new files? For the existing erroneous files, you may have to delete them manually from filesystem and then run occ files:scan.
Indeed it might be that!
My database is utf8, not utf8mb4
Monday I'll try that, I'm sure the issue is caused by my database then, not by nextcloud
Thanks for the hint