left Alt + left Shift + PrintScreen (then Yes) to turn on Windows high contrast modeNote that the example radio buttons in the ARIA Practices Guide work correctly in Windows High Contrast mode.

Notes:
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Still a problem.
Note point 2 in initial comment: IE, Edge, or Firefox. Not Chrome.
Yep! We've addressed this upstream in the elements repo and are waiting on those fixes to get utilized in the core repos.
You can track that work here
https://github.com/carbon-design-system/carbon-components/issues/2104
@dakahn is the radio button an icon in this case? Seems like it's implemented in CSS and will need a fix in there, as a result.